Scientists & Staff

Featured Publications & Products

• Shortle, Walter C.; Dudzik, Kenneth R.; Smith, Kevin T. 2010. Development of wood decay in wound-initiated discolored wood of eastern red cedar. Holzforschung. 64: 529-536.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Connolly, Jon H.; Minocha, Rakesh; Jellison, Jody. 2009. Calcium fertilization increases the concentration of calcium in sapwood and calcium oxalate in foliage of red spruce. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 67: 277-283.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Murdoch, Peter S.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Lawrence, Gregory B. 2008. 6.0 Monitoring recovery from calcium depletion and nitrogen saturation. In: Murdoch, Peter S.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Birdsey, Richard A. The Delaware River Basin Collaborative Environmental Monitoring and Research Initiative. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-25. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 52-62.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Jellison, Jody; Connolly, Jon; Schilling, Jonathan. 2007. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in early stages of sapwood decay in red spruce, eastern hemlock, red maple, and paper birch. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37: 957-965.
• Reinmann, Andy B.; Kenefic, Laura S.; Fernandez, Ivan J.; Shortle, Walter C. 2005. Soil Characteristics 30-years Post-harvest on Maine Spruce Flats: Preliminary Results. In: Kenefic, Laura S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Changing Forests - Challenging Times: Proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 85th Winter Meeting; 2005 March 16-18; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-325. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 66

Publications & Products

• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Lapenis, Andrei G. 2017. Dendrochemical evidence for soil recovery from acidic deposition in forests of the northeastern U.S. with comparisons to the southeastern U.S. and Russia. Chemosphere
• Lawrence, Gregory B.; Hazlett, Paul W.; Fernandez, Ivan J.; Ouimet, Rock; Bailey, Scott W.; Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Antidormi, Michael R. 2015. Declining acidic deposition begins reversal of forest-soil acidification in the northeastern U.S. Environmental Science & Technology. 49(22): 13103-13111.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T. 2015. Wood decay fungi restore essential calcium to acidic soils in northern New England. Forests. 6(8): 2571-2587.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Jellison, Jody; Smith, Kevin T.; Schilling, Jonathan S. 2014. Studying the role of wood-decay fungi in calcium cycling on the Penobscot Experimental Forest: a progress report. In: Kenefic, Laura S.; Brissette, John C., comps. Penobscot Experimental Forest: 60 years of research and demonstration in Maine, 1950-2010. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-P-123. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station: 147-150.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 2014. Tree survival 15 years after the ice storm of January 1998. Res. Pap. NRS-25. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 4 p.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Balouet, Jean Christophe; Shortle, Walter C.; Chalot, Michel; Beaujard, François; Grudd, Hakan; Vroblesky, Don A.; Burken, Joel G. 2014. Dendrochemical patterns of calcium, zinc, and potassium related to internal factors detected by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). Chemosphere. 95: 58-62.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 2013. Calcium amendment may increase hydraulic efficiency and forest evapotranspiration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110(40): E3739.
• ​Lapenis, Andrei G.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Heim, Alexander; Zheng, Chengyang; Shortle, Walter. 2013. Climate warming shifts carbon allocation from stemwood to roots in calcium-depleted spruce forests. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 27(1): 101-107.
• Lawrence, Gregory B.; Shortle, Walter C.; David, Mark B.; Smith, Kevin T.; Warby, Richard A.; Lapenis, Andrei G. 2012. Early indications of soil recovery from acidic deposition in U.S. red spruce forests. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 76: 1407-1417.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 2012. Wood decay in living and dead trees: A pictorial overview. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-97. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 26 p.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Jellison, Jody; Schilling, Jonathan S. 2012. Potential of decaying wood to restore root-available base cations in depleted forest soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 42: 1015-1024.
• Dujesiefken, Dirk; Liese, Walter; Shortle, Walter; Minocha, Rakesh. 2005. Response of beech and oaks to wounds made at different times of the year. European Journal of Forest Research. 124: 113-117.
• Reinmann, Andy; Kenefic, Laura; Fernandez, Ivan; Shortle, Walter. 2004. Preliminary Results From a Retrospective Study of Harvest Intensity, Site Productivity, and Red Spruce Growth. In: Ward, Jeffrey S.; Twery, Mark J., eds. Forestry across borders: proceedings of the New England Society of American Foresters 84th winter meeting; 2004 March 23-26; Quebec City, Canada. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-314. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 28-29
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 2003. Tree Survival and Growth Following Ice Storm Injury. Res. Pap. NE-723. Newtown Squre, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 4 p.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 2003. Radial growth of hardwoods following the 1998 ice storm in New Hampshire and Maine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 33: 325-329.
• McLaughlin, Samuel B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T. 2002. Dendroecological applications in air pollution and environmental chemistry: research needs. Dendrochronologia 20(1-2):133-157
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 2001. Conservation of element concentration in xylem sap of red spruce. Trees. 15: 148-153.
• Filley, T.R.; Hatcher, P.G.; Shortle, W.C. 2000. The application of ¹³C-labeled tetramethylammonium hydroxide (¹³C-TMAH) thermochemolysis to study fungal degradation of wood. Organic Geochemistry. 31: 181-198.
• Shortle, Walter C. 2000. CODIT. In: Maloy. O.C.; Murray, T.D., eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley: 233-234.
• Shortle, Walter C. 2000. Shigometer. In: Maloy. O.C.; Murray, T.D., eds. Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology. New York, NY: John Wiley: 902-903.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash; Wargo, Philip M.; Vogt, Kristina A. 2000. Tree health and physiology in a changing environment. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Ecological studies 139. New York: Springer-Verlag: 229-274.
• Connolly, Jon H.; Shortle, Walter C.; Jellison, Jody. 1999. Translocation and incorporation of strontium carbonate derived strontium into calcium oxalate crystals by the wood decay fungus Resinicium bicolor. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:179-187
• Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Bailey, Scott W.; Lovett, Gary M. 1999. Mechanisms of base-cation depletion by acid deposition in forest soils of the northeastern U.S.. In: Horsley, Stephen B.; Long, Robert P., eds. Sugar maple ecology and health: proceedings of an international symposium; 1998 June 2-4; Warren, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-261. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 75-87.
• Oven, Primoz; Torelli, Niko; Shortle, Walter C.; Zupancic, Martin. 1999. The formation of a ligno-suberised layer and necrophylactic periderm in beech bark (Fagus sylvatica L.). Flora. 194: 137-144.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh. 1999. Taxol: a review. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Maramorosch, K., eds. Biotechnology and plant protection in forestry science. [Place Publication unknown]: Science Publishers: 1-11.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash C.; Wargo, Philip M.; Vogt, Kristiina A. 1999. Tree health and physiology in a changing environment. In: Mickler, Robert A.; Birdsey, Richard A.; Hom, John, eds. Ecological studies: responses of northern U.S. forests to environmental change. Vol. 139. Springer Verlag: 229-274.
• Torelli, N.; Shortle, W.C.; Cufar, K.; Ferlin, F.; Smith, K.T. 1999. Detecting changes in tree health and productivity in silver fir-beech forests of Slovenia. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 29: 189-197.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 1998. A first look at tree decay. An introduction to how injury and decay affect trees. NA-PR-02-98. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Area State and Private Forestry.
• Lawrence, Gergory B.; David, Mark B.; Bailey, Scott W.; Shortle, Walter C. 1997. Assessment of calcium status in soils of red spruce forests in the northeastern United States. Biogeochemistry. 38: 19-39.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1997. Relationships among foliar chemistry, foliar polyamines, and soil chemistry in red spruce trees growing across the northeastern United States. Plant and Soil. 191: 109-122.
• Ostrofsky, A.; Jellison, J.; Smith, K.T.; Shortle, W.C. 1997. Changes in cation concentrations in red spruce wood decayed by brown rot and white rot fungi. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27: 567-571.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Minocha, Rakesh; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B. 1997. Acidic deposition, cation mobilization, and biochemical indicators of stress in healthy red spruce. Journal of Environmental Quality. 26: 871-876.
• David, Mark B.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Shortle, Walter C.; Bailey, Scott W. 1996. Calcium status of the forest floor in red spruce forests of the northeastern U.S. - past, present and future. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 118.
• Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C. 1996. Aluminum mobilization and calcium depletion in the forest floor of red spruce forests in the northeastern United States. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 112-117.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Coughin, Daniel J. Jr.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Effects of aluminum on growth, polyamine metabolism, and inorganic ions in suspension cultures of red spruce (Picea rubens). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 26: 550-559.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; Mark, B. David; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Putrescine: a marker of stress in red spruce trees. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly., eds. Proceedings, 1995 meeting of the Northern Global Change Program; 1995 March 14-16; Pittsburgh, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Radnor, PA. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 119-130.
• Minocha, Rakesk; Shortle, Walter C.; Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1996. Putrescine: a marker of stress in red spruce trees. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 119-130.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T.; Dudzik, Kenneth R. 1996. Decay diseases of stemwood: Detection, diagnosis, and management. In: Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Maramorosch, Karl, eds. Forest trees and palms. New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH Publishing: 95-109.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C. 1996. Tree biology and dendrochemistry. In: Dean, J.S.; Meko, D.M.; Swetnam, T.W., eds. Tree rings, Environment and Humanity; Proceedings of an International Conference. Tucson, AZ: Radiocarbon: 629-635.
• Smith, Kevin T.; Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh; Alexeyev, Vladislav A. 1996. Dynamics of calcium concentration in stemwood of red spruce and Siberian fir. In: Hom, John; Birdsey, Richard; O'Brian, Kelly, eds. Proceedings 1995 meeting of the northern global change program; Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-214. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 230-238.
• Lawrence, Gregory B.; David, Mark B.; Shortle, Walter C. 1995. A new mechanism for calcium loss in forest-floor soils. Nature. 378(9): 162-165.
• Shortle, W.C.; Smith, K.T.; Dudzik, K.R.; Parker, Sharon. 1995. Response of maple sapwood to injury and infection. European Journal of Forest Pathology. 25: 241-252.
• Shortle, W.C.; Smith, K.T.; Minocha, R.; Alexeyev, V.A. 1995. Similar patterns of change in stemwood calcium concentration in red spruce and Siberian fir. Journal of Biogeography. 22: 467-473.
• Smith, K.T.; Shortle, W.C.; Ostrofsky, W.D. 1995. Aluminum and calcium in fine root tips of red spruce collected from the forest floor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25: 1237-1242.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C. 1994. Polyamines and inorganic ions extracted from woody tissues by freeze-thawing. In: Vozzo, J.A., comp. Research and applications of chemical sciences in forestry, proceedings of the 4th Southern Station Chemical Society; 1994 February 1-2; Starkville, MS. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-104. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 28-37.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Long, Stephanie L.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1994. A rapid and reliable procedure for extraction of cellular polyamines and inorganic ions from plant tissues. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation. 13: 187-193.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Subhash C. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis in Picea abies (Norway spruce) and Picea Rubens (red spruce): growth rates and polyamines. In: Proceedings of papers presented at the second international symposium on applications of biotechnology to tree culture, protection, and utilization; 1994 October 2-6; Bloomington, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-175, St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 20.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Shortle, Walter C. 1993. Fast, safe, and reliable methods for extraction of major inorganic cations from small quantities of woody plant tissues. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 23: 1645-1654.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash C.; Long, Stephanie L.; Shortle, Walter C. 1992. Effects of aluminum on DNA synthesis, cellular polyamines, polyamine biosynthetic enzymes and inorganic ions in cell suspension cultures of a woody plant, Catharanthus roseus. Physiologia Plantarum. 85: 417-424.
• Minocha, R.; Minocha, S.C.; Komamine, A.; Shortle, W.C. 1991. Regulation of DNA synthesis and cell division by polyamines in Catharanthus roseus suspension cultures. Plant Cell Reports. 10: 126-130.
• Minocha, Rakesh; Minocha, Subhash C.; Komamine, Atsushi; Shortle, Walter C. 1990. Role of polyamines in DNA synthesis of Catharanthus roseus cells grown in suspension culture. In: Flores H.E.; Arteca R.N.; Shannon J.C., eds. Polyamines and ethylene: biochemistry, physiology and interactions. Rockville, MD: American Society of Plant Physiologists: 343-345.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Minocha, Rakesh. 1990. Applications of ion chromatography to study pollution effects on forest trees. Advanced Ion Chromatography. 2: 299-309.
• Shortle, Walter C.; Smith, Kevin T. 1988. Aluminum-induced calcium deficiency syndrome in declining red spruce. Science. 240: 1017-1018.
• Shigo, Alex L.; Shortle, Walter C. 1985. Spruce Budworms Handbook: shigometry - a reference guide. Agric. Handb. 646. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative State Research Service. 48 p.
• Garrett, P. W.; Randall, W. K.; Shigo, A. L.; Shortle, W. C. 1979. Inheritance of compartmentalization of wounds in sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.). Res. Pap. NE-443. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 4p.
• Shigo, Alex L.; Shortle, Walter C.; Ochrymowych, Julian. 1977. Detection of active decay at groundline in utility poles. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-35. Upper Darby, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. 26 p.