Title: Eastern Hemlock Forests: Guidelines to Minimize the Impacts of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

Author: Ward, Jeffrey S.; Montgomery, Michael E.; Cheah, Carole A.S.-J.; Onken, Brad P.; Cowles, Richard S.

Year: 2004

Publication: NA-TP-03-04. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Area State & Private Forestry, Morgantown, WV. 27 p.

Abstract: Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is the most shade-tolerant and long-lived tree species in Eastern North America. Its unsurpassed ability to tolerate low light enables it to form dense canopies and stands that provide a unique habitat for many plant and wildlife species. Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana) is a relic species limited to a small area in the southern range of eastern hemlock. Both species are being threatened by the accidentally introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae).